Caroline in Jane Smileys A Thousand Acres :: Smiley Thousand Acres Essays

Caroline in A Thousand Acres It is really striking that a novel in which bodies of people and bodies of land (and, intertextually, bodies of text) are so central, creates a character that is so distinctly "unbodied": Caroline Cook. Nevertheless, it is in keeping with traditional and patriarchal interpretations of Cordelia's character in King Lear: a paragon of purity and transcendence. While her sisters' bodies are thoroughly described and, not least, imbued with meaning, Caroline is always described in terms of her business-like " 'take-me-seriously-or-I'll-sue-you' demeanor" (13), her expensive clothes and assertive actions. She is in fact described like a man, a trait first exposed when she as a child says that she's not going to be a farmwife when she grows up, but a farmer (61), then when Ginny has her moment of insight toward the end, and suddenly sees everybody clearly for what they are: "her eyes darting from one face to another, calculating, always calculating. [...] She climbs into Daddy's lap, and her gaze slithers around the room, looking to see if we have noticed how he prefers her." (306) She is still unbodied here, described in terms of eyes and mind. This is metaphorically a male domain; in Western thought, the gaze is traditionally male, categorizing external reality in order to have power over it by utilizing reason. Nor, of course, is it incidental that Caroline is the educated one, emphasizing further her belonging to the "male" realm. Whereas Rose's "man-ness" is based on a destructive rage, Caroline's is based on cold calculation, therefore she is more successful playing by the rules of the patriarchy. It must be remembered, however, that she is able to use the system because she has been shielded from its negative side. Ginny and Rose have always protected her from Larry's anger, incest, and complete suppression of their own identities. While Larry signifies so many things to the elder sisters, not least the horribly intimate -familiar- memories of incest, Caroline can say about him that he looks "as familiar as a father should look, no more, no less". In this, as Ginny replies, she is lucky. (362) Of course, saying that Caroline is like a man signals complicity with gender-stereotypes. She is a positive character in that she is assertive and self-contained, as when she criticizes Larry's idea to divide the farm.

Concrete

The crack widths predicted by the different codes have been calculated for a range of varying parameters: Varying tension reinforcement stress (Figure 9) Varying cover (Figure 10) Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement area and stress. (Figure 1 1) Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement area and maximum stress to AS 3600. Figure 12) BBS 5400 results have been plotted using a Ms / MGM ratio of 0. 1 and 1. All results have used long term values where available. Larger versions of these graphs may be found on the Powering presentation associated with this paper. The following observations can be made from the graph results: The BBS 5400 results using the two different load ratios gave substantially different results, with the higher ratio giving increased crack widths. The BBS 8110 results were either approximately centrally placed between the two BBS 5400 results, or close to the lower values.The Recoded 2 results were usually reasonably close to the mean of the other results. The CUBE-Flip-1990 results were consistently the lowest for high steel stresses and high concrete cover values. Results with varying spacing were close to Recoded 2 results. The IAC 318 results were consistently the highest, being close to and slightly higher than the upper bound BBS 5400 values. All crack widths increased approximately linearly with increasing steel stress Crack widths increased with increasing cover, with Recoded 2 reaching a constant value at 70 mm cover, and the CUBE-PIP code at 35 mm cover.The other codes continued to increase more than linearly up to 100 mm cover. All codes predicted increasing crack width with increasing bar spacing and constant reinforcement area steel stress. Figure 9: Varying tension reinforcement stress Figure 10: Varying cover Figure 11: Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement area and stress Figure 12: Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement area and maximum stress to AS 3600.When the steel stress was adjusted to the maximum allowable under AS 3600 (I. E. Reduced for increasing bar spacing and increasing bar diameter) the predicted crack widths were reasonably uniform in the spacing range 50 to 200 mm, then tended to reduce with greater spacing. DEFLECTION The main differences in approach to the calculation of deflections are summarized low: Australian and American codes are based on the Brannon equation, using a uniform average effective stiffness value.Australian codes allow for loss of tension stiffening through a reduction of the cracking moment related to the free concrete shrinkage. Allowance for shrinkage curvature in the Australian codes is simplified and will underestimate curvature in symmetrically reinforced sections. British codes allow only a low tension value for cracked sections, which is further reduced for long term deflections European codes adopt an intermediate approach for cracked sections, tit an allowance for loss of tension stiffening.British and European code prov isions for shrinkage curvature are essentially the same Effective stiffness, calculated according to AS 3600, Recoded 2, BBS 5400, and BBS 8110, and with no tension stiffening, is plotted against bending moment for the same concrete section used in the crack width analysis. Figure 13 shows results with no shrinkage, and Figure 14 with a shrinkage of 300 Microscopic. RESEARCH ABOUT THE METHODS USED IN DIFFERENCE CONCRETE STANDARDS AS 3600 limits the maximum reinforcement stress under serviceability loads to a axiom value dependent on either the bar diameter or the bar spacing, whichever gives the greater stress.AS 5100 has the same limits, with an additional requirement to check for lower limits under permanent loads for elements in exposure classifications 82, C or U. Recoded 2 limits stresses in essentially the same way, except that the limits are presented as maximum bar spacing or diameter for a specified stress, rather than vice versa. The Recoded 2 limits are related to 3 diffe rent values of nominal crack width, 0. 2 mm, 0. 3 mm or 0. 4 mm, under pseudo-static loading. The applicable crack Edith depends on the exposure classification and type of member.Code Provisions for Crack Width Limits As well as stress limits, Recoded 2 has detailed provisions for the calculation of design crack widths, which are summarized below: The basic formula for crack width: crack spacing x (mean steel strain – mean concrete strain) makes no allowance for variation in crack width between the level of the reinforcement and the surface of the concrete, however the crack spacing is mainly related to the cover depth, and the crack width is directly proportional to crack spacing, so the depth of cover has a significant effect on crack widths.The expression for Seems – ECMA limits the effect of tension stiffening to 40% of the steel strain. For long term effects the tension stiffening coefficient is reduced by 1/3, from 0. 6 to 0. 4. The British concrete design codes specify a design crack width at the surface of the concrete as follows: The basic approach is similar to Recoded 2, except that the crack width is projected from the reinforcement level to the concrete surface. The main differences between BBS 5400 and BBS 8110 are: BBS 5400 includes a factor to reduce the effect of tension stiffening, depending on the ratio of live load moment to dead load moment (Ms / MGM).The effect of this is to reduce tension stiffening effects to zero for a load ratio of 1 or greater. The tension stiffening coefficients are differently formulated. The IAC requirements are based on stress limits derived from the Surgery-Lutz equation: The IAC 318 equation makes no allowance for tension stiffening, and predicts crack width at the upper bound of those studied in this paper. Results are usually similar to those from the BBS 5400 equation using a Ms / MGM ratio of 1 .AS 3600, AS 5100, and IAC 318 AS 3600 and AS 5100 provisions for â€Å"simplified† calculati on of deflections are identical other than a typographical error in AS 5100), and are both based on the â€Å"Brannon† equation, which is also used in IAC 318. The equation in IAC 318 is differently formulated, but will give identical results for the same cracking moment and section stiffness values. The AS 3600 version of the equation is shown below: left is calculated for the maximum moment section, and applied along the full length of the member being analyses.The calculation of the cracking moment in the Australian codes (but not IAC 318) includes an allowance for the shrinkage induced tensile stress in the unchecked section, which contributes to loss of tension stiffening: AS 3600 and AS 5100 provide a factor KC , applied to the calculated deflection, to account for the additional deflection due creep and shrinkage: KC = [2- 1. 2(ASS / East)] Note that for a symmetrically reinforced section KC reduces to the minimum value of 0. , being the effect of creep deflection alon e. 6. 4. 2 OBSESS,BBS 8110 Deflections in BBS 5400 and BBS 8110 are calculated from integration of section curvatures. The cracking moment and curvature of cracked sections allows for a short term concrete tensile stress of 1 Amp, reducing to 0. 5 Amp in the long term. Shrinkage curvatures in BBS 8110 are determined from the free shrinkage strain, and the first moment of area of the reinforcement about the cracked or unchecked section, as appropriate.BBS 5400 uses a similar approach, but tabulates factors based on the compression and tension reinforcement ratios. 6. 4. 3 Recoded 2 and CUBE-PIP 1990 (MAC 90) The European codes also provide for calculation of deflections by integration of section curvatures, but provide a different expression for the stiffness of cracked sections: Shrinkage curvatures are assessed using a similar method to that given in BBS 8110:

School Corporal Punishment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 913 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Corporal Punishment Essay Did you like this example? School corporal punishment refers to causing deliberate pain or discomfort in response to undesired behaviour by students in schools. It often involves striking the student either across the buttocks or on the hands, with an implement such as a rattan cane, wooden paddle, slipper, leather strap or wooden yardstick. Less commonly, it could also include spanking or smacking the student with the open hand. Advocates of school corporal punishment argue that it provides an immediate response to indiscipline and that the student is quickly back in the classroom learning, as opposed to suspension from school. Opponents, including a number of medical and psychological societies, along with human-rights groups, argue that physical punishment is ineffective in the long term, interferes with learning, leads to antisocial behaviour as well as various forms of mental distress, and is a form of violence that breaches the rights of children. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "School Corporal Punishment" essay for you Create order Corporal Punishment as a Means for Motivation Ascham (2005) said that punishment should not be used to bring about learning but it should be replaced with praise and encouragement. His main aim criticism is based on the uselessness of corporal punishment as an aid to efficient learning. He further said that the only thing one does successfully is to make the child hate what one is trying to teach. Ascham supported the above statement by saying that a relationship between a teacher and a student is one very important aspect if the student is to seek help when in difficult. On top of that he continued to say let your scholar be never afraid, to ask you any doubt, but use discretely the best allurements you can to encourage him to fame and the best allurement to learning is love which is better than fear while gentleness is better than beating (Ascham, 2005). Corporal Punishment as a Form Abuse In a series of studies, Straus and his colleagues have linked physical punishment to substance abuse and criminal activities, low economic achievement, and depression and thought of suicide (Straus in press). Despite these negative outcomes, powerful cultural norms make attitudes towards corporal punishment slow to change. Individuals have developed a host of reasons, or myths, unsupported by the evidence, to justify the hitting of children (Straus). According to Anonymous (2010) in the Times of Swaziland, due to being exposed to corporal punishment, some students tend to leave school premises early before school closes. Some refuse to go home after school and when quizzed as to why they are not going home they just open a can of worms when they reveal that they are being beaten everyday as they come to school with new and fresh bruises and scars. The Times continued to say that it is a pity that the students are exposed to corporal punishment when they are supposed to be exposed to love, protection, respect, and care as some of these punishments are uncalled for following one grandmother who was exposing her granddaughter to corporal punishment every day for no apparent reason, (Times of Swaziland, 2010c). Effects of Corporal Punishment According to Robison (2009), corporal punishment has some bad effects on the students. These include depression, sadness, scoring low in IQ tests, the child begins to have functional negative effects towards other children who score high in IQ tests, and children who are exposed to corporal punishment also exhibit anti-social behaviours. Some desire to revenge when others think of suicide. Classroom management Classroom management is a term used by teachers to describe the process of ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly despite disruptive behaviour by students. It also implies the prevention of disruptive behaviour. It is possibly the most difficult aspect of teaching for many teachers; indeed experiencing problems in this area causes some to leave teaching altogether. Classroom management is crucial in classrooms because it supports the proper execution of curriculum development, developing best teaching practices, and putting them into action. Classroom management can be explained as the actions and directions that teachers use to create a successful learning environment; indeed, having a positive impact on students achieving given learning requirements and goals (Soheili, Alizadeh, Murphy, Bajestani, Ferguson and Dreikurs). In an effort to ensure all students receive the best education it would seem beneficial for educator programs to spend more time and effort in ensuring educators and instructors are well versed in classroom management. Teachers do not focus on learning classroom management, because higher education programs do not put an emphasis on the teacher attaining classroom management; indeed, the focus is on creating a conducive learning atmosphere for the student (Eisenman, Edwards, and Cushman ). These tools enable teachers to have the resources available to properly and successfully educate upcoming generations, and ensure future successes as a nation. According to Moskowitz Hayman (1976), once a teacher loses control of their classroom, it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to regain that control. Research from Berliner (1988) and Brophy Good (1986) shows that the time a teacher has to take to correct misbehavior caused by poor classroom management skills results in a lower rate of academic engagement in the classroom. From the students perspective, effective classroom management involves clear communication of behavioural and academic expectations as well as a cooperative learning environment. Douglas Brooks (1985) reports seminal research on the first day of school activity selection and sequence of novice middle school teachers compared with experienced, successful classroom managers. Brooks reports that effective classroom managers organized their activities on the first day of school consistent with the emerging needs of the students.

Genes and Their Control Over Humans Essay - 810 Words

Genes and Their Control Over Humans They (genes) are in you and me; they created us, body and mind This statement by Richard Dawkins poses the question of how much and in what way our genes control us, whether they are responsible for our hereditary features only, or for all behavior and environmental aspects of our persona. A reductionist view implies that only specific tasks are carried out by the genes.We know that most genes synthesize for proteins, these being chains of sub units, or amino acids (a.a) which in turn form the bases of RNA ( ribonucleic acid) to determine the sequence of the a.a by means of the genetic code. This process dictates whether the protein made will†¦show more content†¦It was at this point that Gregor Mendels work, on the theory of heredity, was revived. This formed the basis of all future genetic studies. Mendel had suggested that an individuals characteristics were determined by inherited factors. This finding was proved to be correct when later microscopes were able to show proof that these factors, known now alleles, could be related to the actions of the chromosomes, the carriers of genes, during meiosis. Thus, the theory that genes were the basis of all biological characteristics of inheritance became accepted. Both Mendel and Darwin have presented their theories from a reductionist viewpoint. Dawkins statement from The Selfish Gene would appear to give an holistic viewpoint by including the psychological, as well as biological, aspect of gene control. 2 To decide whether this is the viewpoint being put forward it is necessary to investigate known causes of gene manipulation. This would encompass every factor of nature and nurture, from genetic inheritance; be it eye or hair colour, or diseases such as cystic fibrosis, Huntingtons chorea or haemophilia. Cystic fibrosis is an example of an autosomal recessive alteration within a single gene, this gene has been identified as lying on chromosome number 7. Huntingtons chorea meanwhile, although again arising from anShow MoreRelatedGene Expression : The Consequences Of Human DNA And Human Genes1345 Words   |  6 Pages Human DNA is found in 23 pairs of chromosomes and within these chromosomes are sections of DNA called genes. Genes make up the physical traits inherited and expressed from mom and dad. When the DNA found within these genes provides genetic instructions to encode proteins or other molecules, this is called gene expression. Gene expression is the process by which genetic information stored in a gene dictates a cells function. This process is essential as regulatory proteins control the rate of geneRead MoreModulating Gene Expression with Multiple Intermediate Steps1514 Words   |  6 PagesGene expression can be modulated by multiple intermediate steps, including transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modifications; transcription being the first step and a key mechanism for regulating gene expression. Transcriptional control is mediated through promoters and regulatory elements, which are all essential for spatiotemporally correct gene expression. Genome organization has been undoubtedly linked with regulation of gene expressionRead MoreThe Role Dna Serves For The Human Cell1267 Words   |  6 Pages The Role DNA Serves For The Human Cell Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) accommodates a variety of purposes, including data storage and replication, in the human cell and in the cells of many other organisms. 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Elegans907 Words   |  4 Pageslin-4, a gene known to control the timing of C. elegans larval development does not code for a protein but instead produces a pair of small RNAs [1, 2]. For seven years after the discovery of the lin-4 RNA there was no evidence for lin-4-like RNAs beyond nematodes. This all changed upon the discovery that let-7, another gene in the C. elegans encoded a second ~22 nt regulatory RNA. Homologs of the let-7 gene were soon identified in human and fly genomes, and let-7 RNA itself was detected in human, DrosophilaRead MorePathway Of Igf-1 Pathway784 Words   |  4 PagesThe insulin/IGF-1 pathway which plays a major role in the control of lifespan and aging in animals and humans includes a lot of genes if any gene transformed with single mutation the IGF-1 pathway can increase lifespan and cause human longevity to remain active and youthful much longer than normal. As in different species, yeast, nematodes and fruit flies there are genes homologous with mammalian genes that control in IGF-1 pathway and mutation in any one of them may be affected on lifespan (TatarRead MoreThe Potential Impacts Of Genetically Modified Organisms Essay1512 Words   |  7 Pagesissues that modified organisms pose on human health. Since food sovereignty is associated with allowing for individuals to have control over the way food is produced and consumed, agriculture supporting modified organisms does not allow for this because there are potential impacts that transgenic crops may cause a resistance to antibiotics. When food is genetically modified, genes are added into these crops and antibiotic resistance gene markers are among these genes that are added. (Altieri , 2004).

Poverty Of Extreme Poverty And Hunger - 1606 Words

MDG Paper ( 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger (â€Å"Extreme poverty rates have been cut by more than half since 1990†) a. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 a day i. Goal was met by 2010 ii. Since 1990, over 1 billion people have been lifted from extreme poverty iii. In 1990, almost 50% of people in developing nations lived on less than $1.25 a day. In 2015, it is only 14%. b. Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people i. In 2015, 200 million workers world-wide lived below the poverty line ($1.25 a day) ii. â€Å"The â€Å"employment-to-population ratio†, or the proportion of the working-age population that is employed, has fallen from 62% in 1991 to 60% in 2015.† iii. Of young women and men aged 15-24, only forty percent are employed in 2015, whereas fifty percent were employed in 1991. c. 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Business Law Memo Free Essays

M E M O R A N D U M TO:Client FROM: DATE:November 16, 2011 RE:Suggestive Business Entity for Cure of Cancer Question Presented What business entity would be best suited in order to create the enterprise for the client’s scientific cure of cancer, while keeping his main interests in mind: to get assistance in running the business portion of the enterprise, while limiting his personal liability; and providing investors with the most profit possible while limiting the scope of the amount of how many people that will eventually be involved? Brief Answer A C Corporation will likely suit the needs of the clients’ interest in creating his business enterprise of creating the cure for cancer. Facts Based on the information provided by the client, he wants to manage the scientific aspect of the business and hire business professionals to run the enterprise and raise additional funds. In addition, he wants to limit his liability in the enterprise and wants to limit the scope of how many investors would be involved. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Law Memo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discussion Based on my interpretation of the clients’ interest, he wants to hire another business professional to handle the business side. Because of this, C Corporation would be most beneficial. If the client brought on his main investors as limited partners and then they ended up making significant management decisions while he developed the science, they would be treated as general partners for liability reasons. Also, the client did not say exactly that he did not want investors to be liable, only limit the scope of how many people would be involved, he did say that he wanted to limit his personal liability. Therefore, C Corporation would be most beneficial because the client and his investors would have limited liability. In the alternative, an LLC could be a possibility if the client wanted to take part in running the business aspect of the enterprise, then this would be the best. The client and the business professional that is hired would be partners running the business aspects of the enterprise. The client would also be responsible for science aspect of the enterprise. The investor he brought on would become limited partners who would only contribute assets and would not participate in the management of the business. Therefore this would keep their personal assets protected from the business just in case the company fails. Although this would protect the investors it would leave the client completely liable for any wrongful actions the investors make can. If the client did not want the investors to be held liable at all then in fact, a Limited Partnership would be best because the client would become the general partner. Therefore, he would be the one to run the business aspect of the enterprise. On top of running the enterprise he would also be in charge of the science aspect of the enterprise also. The investors he has now and in the future would become limited partners who would only contribute assets and would not participate in the management of the business. This would keep their personal assets protected from the business just in case the company fails. Although this would protect the investors it would leave the client completely liable for the partnership debt. It would also leave the client responsible for the business aspect of the company which he previously stated he was not interested in handling. â€Å"We could get around this by suggesting they develop a LLP as the general partner. †(Loafman, lecture) Conclusion Although, Limited Liability Company and Limited Partnership have positive aspects, C Corporation would still be most beneficial to our client because he just wants to be the scientist and does not want to be the one to manage the business. He wants to hire some business professional to run the enterprise and limit his liability. How to cite Business Law Memo, Essays

Culture as Context for Communication Business Communication

Question: Discuss about the Culture as Context for Communication for Business Communication. Answer: Introduction: Before knowing the importance and effects of culture as a context for communication, one must first understand the meaning of the terms culture and communication. Culture can be defined as a set of learned patterns and behaviors shared by a particular group of people. And communication is a process of imparting information from a group of people to another group or person. The process of communication across different cultures is challenging. Culture plays a very dominant role in effecting the ways and methods of communication. The relationship between culture and communication is very deep as well as critical (Lami, 2014). Communication influences the formal or informal business propositions and the negotiation process. It forms the base of any business dealing or any kind of involvement going on between two parties. The process of communication is basically determining a common or mutual ground of understanding and is an influential process. While culture is a ruling factor that is important to be considered in the communication procedure (Cai, 2000). Being individuals, each one of us have a separate identity and different set of behaviors and attitudes. No two persons howsoever belonging to the same culture can behave in an identical manner in a particular situation. However, culture can be classified as a clue which helps in understanding and determining the behavior of members of a specific group or society. There are different communication tools that assists in understanding different cultures. One of the essential tools of communication is High-context and Low-context (Koracà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Kakabadse, Kouzmin, Koracà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Kakabadse, Savery, 2001). This theory is proposed by famous anthropologist Edward T. Hall. The areas that come under high-context culture includes Middle East, South America, Africa, Central Europe, Asia, etc. In high-context communication culture, choice of words play a major role, and it depends very much on the use of communication which is non-verbal. The use of high-context communication leaves most part of the message unspecified as it relies on the intuition and feelings. The actual meaning of the message in this context is to be understood by the non-verbal cues, and the interpretation of the words that are not being actually said but conveys its meaning. That means a complex message can effectively be communicated to an in-group with the use of a few words, but it affects a little to an out-group and will not be reliably and efficiently understood by the outsiders. It is polychronic in nature and implies implicit and indirect messages and more emphasis is given to relationships (Croucher et al., 2012). While in low-context communication culture, the nature of communication is much more monochronic and explicit. Less emphasis is to be given to the value of words as it refers to the simple and clear messages which create no distinction for In-groups and Out-groups. The messages in low-context should be communicated in a way that it forms the exact meaning of what the com municator meant to express. This process highly relies on the written form of communication and consider facts, logics, and evidence. Relationships are of less importance and schedules are of high importance in low-context. While solving a problem, first the identification of all the facts and evidence happens and then the process of evaluation takes place, after which a decision has been made. This does not involve any kind of intuitions and feelings into it. Communicators need to be straight forward, logical, and should be clear in determining the action and what is actually said. He/she should be efficient in properly conveying the meaning of the message. The areas of low-context culture include most part of North America and Western Europe (Wang, 2009). The second important dimension is individualism and communitarianism that affects the culture based communication. A number of people in a group together form a community, and their primary identity is most commonly determined as a member of the specific group. This is called communitarianism while individualism is a separate personal identity of an individual. Now, the communication is highly based on the factor as to which type of group is being targeted (Batts, Breslin, Winter, 2012). There are many cultural influences on the context of the message and affects communication simultaneously, and those includes facial expressions, body language, relationship with one another, use of codes and symbols for the purpose of communication, etc. It also depends upon the structure of the various cultures as some cultures view it as a sequential thing which means that they provide their complete importance to an agenda at a time and follow a sequential process, and in which projects are line d up one after another. On contrary, some cultures follow a synchronic pattern in which they interrelate the flow of time period i.e. the past, present, and the future. This point of view influences the organizations approach to strategic thinking, the long-term planning concepts, investments, and deadlines. The effects of cross-cultural communication very much adhere to the perceptions of different individuals as how they perceive the specific information communicated to them, and also on the choice of the communication preferences of the sender. Once the information is being communicated, the receiver perceives it according to his/her own preferences and based on that he/she responds (St. Amant, 2016). With regard to communication, it is necessary to note that what is effective and appropriate for one culture may stand ineffective and wrong for another culture as each and every culture is so different and has its own rules and standards. The whole world is culturally diverse so, i n this whole process, communication strategy plays a significant role, and it makes it evident that the understanding and knowledge of cultures is quite important while communicating to them. It provides a set of assumptions in the mind of the sender and a better understanding of how the person or the group will react if information is conveyed to them and help them to know how to communicate in an efficient manner so that it avoids conflict or any kind of violence. To improve the cross-cultural communication, message, and language clarity should be importantly considered and delivery style should be enhanced, and it is also very essential to minimize the breakdowns in the process of communication so that the message conveys exactly what it means and does not leave any scope for misinterpretation. Hence, the need for studying the various elements of a culture and cultural influences in the context of communication is must and of utmost importance (Wurtz, 2005). Conclusion: Therefore, from the above study, it became clear that understanding of various cultures with respect to communication is influential. It is significant for the one to know and have an effective understanding of different cultures and contexts that help in influencing the communication strategy to a varied level and on the other hand, have an effect on its outcome. Effective cross-cultural communication can only be enabled when it is given an appropriate context and structure. In todays global world, when the countries are so much linked and interconnected, and the methods of communication are so instant and fast, there is not a single approach for communicating, but the success of communication depends on the understanding of the cross-cultural differences (Woolf, 2005). The relationship between culture and communication is complex as culture influences communication, and thus, the process is being enacted and reinforced. 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